India is a storehouse of the world’s best genetic resources of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) and humped cattle (Bos indicus). Probably, no country in the world can boast of so much biodiversity seen distinctly in these breeds which are abundant in their traditional breeding tracts. They are noted for their distinct superiority in utilising poor quality feed, adaptability to withstand heat and resistance to most tropical diseases. In this article are discussed different indigenous breeds, their groups, population numbers as well as their breed-body characteristics and production parameters.